Giftedness-underrepresentation of African Americans students in gifted Term Paper

Skill underrepresentation of African Americans understudies in talented projects - Term Paper Example Albeit every single talented individual have changed qualities, attributes and practices yet the most well-known of these components found in talented understudies were: humor, capacity to comprehend and grasp images, profoundly imaginative, appropriate thinking and dynamic aptitudes, all around formed cognizance, exceptionally energetic and brilliant capacity to convey. Every one of these components are vital for a person to perform well in various settings. These scientists even made sense of that other than past expressed components, skilled understudies even have high measure of enthusiastic knowledge. Individuals, for example, the incomparable Martin Luther King, Lady Diana, and Rachel Carson were the ones who had a colossal effect to the skilled understudies, the attributes and practices displayed by these incredible people include: they were very gutsy, they had a high want to make something happen, the level of psychological just as physical vitality vested in them was very h igh. These individuals even had cooperation, authority abilities. The presence of the legend that the talented understudies are the individuals who have one comparative standard of capacity, conduct and characteristics is because of the way that different talented understudies have not had the option to pick up instruction and preparing because of which they have neglected to build up their capacities and aptitudes. The scientists even made sense of that talented understudies are not skilled with every one of these capacities and aptitudes since birth, and there are not many unique divinely selected individuals who have been granted with these abilities and capacities and these abilities and capacities are created by those people who have high potential. In this manner skill isn't inherent, rather it is found out (Reis 2009). As indicated by John O’ Neil’s (1992) discoveries, center around execution appraisal tests have expanded because of the expansion in significance of understudies graduating with aptitudes and capacities required to tackle new issues (O'Neil 1992). Execution tests alludes to tests taken for a particular capacity or expertise, for instance to check whether an understudy has taken in a specific unknown dialect, a test that causes him to communicate in that language is the most suitable when contrasted with different decision tests. Numerous decision tests can't help in achieving whether an understudy has realized what he was prepared for and whether he has obtained the aptitudes and capacities for which he had picked up training. These tests are even led on state level; the state conducts execution appraisal tests to check how well individual understudies are performing at the state level. Educators are in any event, encountering huge weight from these tests, instructors are centering their training strategies and schedule as indicated by these tests, and these tests are utilized to rank distinctive instructive organizations. T hese tests have even changed the showing framework, for instance: already instructive focuses used to put together their training measures with respect to numerous decision tests and they used to allot less composing errands to understudies, however now all the more composing undertakings are doled out to understudies so understudies can contend well recorded as a hard copy execution appraisal tests. These tests even advantages the instructors as these educators experience advancement themselves, they are engaged with the formation of these tests and the checking and the positioning frameworks intended for these tests. John O’

Internal Selling “Putting Theory Into Practice” Free Essays

Mental Model: As referenced by John Bradley Jackson, â€Å"internal selling can be the hardest sale†. A sales rep may feel that persuading the clients and winning the arrangement is the conclusion to it, however that isn't correct. Persuading the individuals inside the association and uniquely the higher administration is a harder activity to do. We will compose a custom exposition test on Inward Selling: â€Å"Putting Theory Into Practice† or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now There is obstruction and rigidity to change. The inner deals cycle is practically like the way toward offering to the end clients. A sales rep needs to comprehend the procedure, his job in it and afterward impart everything to everybody (From John Bradley Jackson). Subsequent to considering the course â€Å"Internal Selling†, I have comprehended the significance of selling inside the association. Like a beam of white light comprises of the considerable number of hues, behind any choice in an organization, there are various people included. These individuals have various belief systems, mental models, limitations and protections. To be an effective inward merchant, one needs to acknowledge this reality and be versatile to apply various ways to deal with persuade these individuals with the assistance of three kinds of selling abilities: vital, strategic and self-administration. Consequently he will have the option to arrange and viably execute any thought or plan inside. Official Summary: This report discusses the Super-Ware case and attempts to dissect how unique inward selling ideas can be utilized in such a situation, all things considered. There are two difficulties here. The first is to prevail upon the client Australian Home and the subsequent one is to persuade the individuals inside the association to consent to the requests of Australian Home. Turn selling procedures can be utilized to persuade Australian Home. For the subsequent section, six phase inside sell process is clarified. For every one of the stages, important speculations and ideas have been utilized. The last objective is to persuade both the organizations to strike an arrangement with the goal that a drawn out great business relationship can be begun. Incorporating Theory: I will consider the â€Å"Super Ware† case and attempt to break down it in the lights of the hypotheses learnt in the course â€Å"Internal Selling†. To begin with, I will depict the circumstance to sum things up. At that point the two sections will be talked about independently. The initial segment, persuading the client, Australian Home will have conversation on how SPIN selling method can be utilized here. The subsequent part, persuading the organization individuals, will be managed the six phase inside sell process. Situational Analysis: Super-Ware is a cookware organization. It plans items to rearrange people’s lives. For over 100 years, they are helping individuals to set aside cash and time by keeping their food new for more. Super-Ware offers a wide scope of items for putting away food, food arrangement, cookware, stockpiling and serving things. They have structured another innovation cookware. This is called Snap-Shut which has the protected Easy-Find innovation. The principal challenge of the salesman is to win the arrangement from the most shopped general product retailer of Australia, Australian Home. At that point the subsequent test is to persuade the offices inside the association to consent to the necessities of Australian Home. 1. Persuading the End Customer: Australian Home 1. 1 SPIN selling method: First, I will attempt to apply the SPIN selling procedure as proposed by Rackham, 1987 to have the option to prevail upon the client, Australian Home. †¢Situation: Australian Home is probably the greatest retailer of Australia. It is a piece of Australian Home Corporation, Limited which works in retail, budgetary administrations and oil. In excess of 25,000 Australians work over the organization. It has 254 stores in a wide scope of networks across the nation. Australian Home stores offer an exceptional blend of items and administrations through the authority of three claim to fame stores under one rooftop Automotive, Sports and Leisure and Home Products. The item being referred to, Snap-Shut is as of now not recorded in Australian Home however different results of Super-Ware are sold in Australian Home just as other serious items like Lite-Box and Snap-Tight. Snap-Shut is sold in three retailer stores in Australia as of now: All-Mart, Wellworths and Dollarland. The goal of the salesman is to make sure about full posting of the Snap-Shut product offering before the key summer outing season. It is realized that the future relationship with Australian Home is reliant on effectively getting this arrangement. †¢Problem: Consumers can't discover the covers of their holders and the Easy-Find innovation of Super-Ware takes care of this issue. Be that as it may, there are a few issues. Super-Ware doesn't acknowledge returns of items and there is no assurance that the items will sell as it is another inventive scope of cookware. The transportation approach of Super-Ware is FOB (cargo ready) to the retailer. This implies Super-Ware’s obligation closes once the items are ready and the retailer needs to hold up under the duty from that point onwards. To add to these, Australian Home needs the items to be conveyed in boxes of 20 rather than the Super-Ware show of 10. They additionally need the cases to have red straightforward covers and not blue. Additionally, they request to sell underneath the MSRP (manufacturer’s recommended retail cost) by in any event 2 pennies for each if the things. They don't need the FOB arrangement for delivery and need the items to be conveyed straightforwardly to their Melbourne station. Suggestion: Over 70% of buyers are routinely incapable to discover the cover that coordinates their compartments and another 52% free the top totally. The Snap-Shut items take care of two issues, spillage and simple association. They have one of a kind locking tabs for secure capacity and the cover snap to the base so it can't get lost. The covers are straightforw ard which implies whatever is put away inside the crates can be seen without any problem. It will assist the clients with finding what they need in a period productive way. This Easy-Find innovation is protected by Super-Ware. So these cases will draw in a greater number of clients than contenders. This will mean more business for Australian Home. The contenders of Australian Home: All-Mart, Wellworths and Dollarland at present sell Snap-Shut items. So not posting this range will bring about serious weakness for Australian Home. Besides, after the Christmas season, clients will have numerous extra nourishments and Summer being an outing season, they will require more food stockpiling boxes. These clients will gladly purchase the remarkable Snap-Shut items. These are a portion of the principle reasons why Australian Home should store this new item go. Need-Payoff: Australian Home is persuaded about the creative Snap-Shut items. In any case, they have raised a few requests to be satisfied before submitting the request. Getting this arrangement is significant for Super-Ware. This will guarantee beginning of a decent expert connection with Australian Home which can be transformed into a drawn out one. Australian Home is the greatest player in Australia and having a decent connectio n with them will assist Super-Ware with gaining more benefits. On the off chance that the requests of Australian Home are satisfied and they are given assurance of deals, they will arrange the items. This will mean picking up their trust and future requests. To make it a triumph, the salesman needs to utilize his offering abilities to persuade the individuals inside various offices in the association to acknowledge the requests of Australian Home. 2. Persuading the Internal People of the Company: Super-Ware I will utilize the six-phase Internal Sell Process as proposed by Friesen, M. E. , 1998 to depict how the individuals inside the association, Super-Ware can be persuaded to consent to the requests of Australian Home with the goal that the arrangement reaches a fruitful conclusion. The agent needs to utilize the three selling abilities of Strategic, Tactical and Self-administration to carry out this responsibility. 2. 1 Identify the Problem: There are four requests of Australian Home which is identified with four divisions. †¢The Marketing/Brand group must be persuaded that providing red tops will be gainful and practical †¢The Production group must be persuaded that changing the pack box amounts from 12 to 20 is reasonable †¢The Sales, Finance and Marketing groups are to be persuaded that selling 2 pennies beneath the MSRP will profit the organization †¢The Supply Chain group ought to consent to send the items to the Melbourne stop 2. Create Ideas: People are unique. They have distinctive mental models. These models impact how they watch and comprehend the world lastly how they take activities and carry on. They have various requirements and protections. To persuade these individuals, one needs to acknowledge that they are unique and attemp t to think similarly as they do. Various methodologies are expected to achieve this. One must be prepared to apply them and be compelling at social event data to effectively apply them (Spiro, Weitz, 1990). This is called Adaptive Selling. As clarified by John Bradley Jackson, â€Å"Internal selling can be the hardest sell†, one have to clarify the exceptional properties of the new client understanding and don’t anticipate that individuals should search out the insights regarding the new understanding. The individuals inside the association ought to be explicitly imparted about the significance of the arrangement. They ought to be included to create thoughts regarding how to satisfy the needs. The four divisions can be given the accompanying four thinking: †¢Marketing: As Christmas is coming and red is a famous shading in Australia, changing the cover shading from blue to red may turn out to be increasingly gainful for the organization. The division individuals may contend that changing the shade of the cover will befuddle the end clients. The end clients can without much of a stretch distinguish the shading blue with the Super-Ware brand name. This is a piece of their grain

The Economic Discourse Community For Business, Society And Environment Essay Example For Students

The Economic Discourse Community For Business, Society And Environment Essay The financial talk network can be inexactly distinguished as a lot of shared qualities and information in the field of financial matters. Not the same as different compositions, monetary talk network normally incorporate some specialized financial terms and visual data, for example outlines, tables and graphs, and so on. Each composing piece has its target group, and economists’ composing is no exemption. Economists’ composing is generally focused at financial majors or specialists in the field of financial matters. Financial talk network encourages its planned perusers to get data proficiently and adequately. Helped out accomplices and pioneers in the field of flexibly chains and transport, the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on the Future of Logistics and Transportation began to lead examine on the gracefully chain. The report â€Å"Beyond Supply Chains Empowering Responsible Value Chains† investigations the effect that flexibly fasten rehearses has brought to business, society and condition, and investigates the issue how shared worth can be settled on through better gracefully chain choices. The report distinguishes â€Å"a set of 31 demonstrated flexibly chain rehearses which furnish organizations with a plan of where they can increase both business and socio-ecological bit of leeway (both condition and nearby monetary development)â€driving a triple advantage† (). Likewise, the report â€Å"provides a system for assessing the potential incentive in question behind every one of these practices, and an execution structure for†¦

The Upside to Talent Essay Samples

The Upside to Talent Essay Samples The uneven evolution of personal characteristics ca n delay the beginning of a talent, which makes it eventually seem to come out of nowhere. 1 great fundamental of human culture is the idea of equality. Needless to say, whether or not a special package of personal characteristics counts as a talent is contingent on the domain. We're perfectly fantastic examples. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Essays writing is an extremely responsible and time-consuming course of action. They suggested that I speak to several professionals in the area. These findings indicate that a concept like talent could possibly be asked to help explain the growth of high performance. While deliberate practice is a big portion of the story of succeeding, it is not likely to be the full story. As stated by the book The War for Talent (Michaels et al, 2001), talent is understood to be an individual's ability, including someone's abilities, wisdom and potential for future improvement. Somebody who has talent is known as talented. Because talent doesn't always translate to success. If you've got natural talent in a specific field, you will probably show much better performance than other individuals who don't have the required talent for the activity. You are able to make any terrific college essay fit below this essay prompt. On the flip side, only interest cannot suffice as aptitude is essential to be in a position to succeed in an area. If you discover early success, don't become cocky. Within this essay, I want to chat about importance of talent. Never forget in what you believe as you can accomplish your dreams if you truly want it. There are several other things to speak about, really. Many people do not really remember things that occurred in the initial five decades of our lives. Rarely are amazing things achieved alone. A closer look at the evolution of talent lets us put things in perspective. On the flip side, some individuals feel that talent is an innate ability that's a specialized possible person for can get success in life. For a long time, the subject of pure talent vs hard work is normal in debates all over the Earth, with people having reasonable grounds. Keep in mind, people working hard without the talent can succeed more than talented folks who only adhere to the mediocre. Imagine you work in a large company or you're receiving family or friends from different countries you will need to understand a means to understand them and for them to understand you to. Guess it is not time to fret yet. My father's generation was raised with the expectation that they'd learn and hone 1 expertise and work in 1 company for the majority of their lives. So had a good deal of trouble making friends. And it's incredible they actually do it. In fact, it was a bit much. Learn from it, and after that proceed. Life, Death and Talent Essay Samples Which, needless to say, they were. Needless to say, it's not not possible for someone with normal intelligence to learn to come up with a specific attribute or accomplish an activity with sufficient and normal practice. In the same way, ideally even you should revolve around the very same subject and make certain you definitely are a worthy candidate for the scholarship. Foreign language SAT tests are a good way of stan ding out during the college admission practice. We consider the sports stars that are earning mega-million dollar contracts and inside we wish we had the ability to do something similar. Moreover, Obama's presidency is distinguished by losses like the unemployment rates in the usa still remain to be a key alarming matter. At precisely the same time, salary also increases when the employee has the capacity to communicate in various language aside from English. Now, the unemployment rate is very high, so it's recommended to boost skills by learning a new language. For one, a much wider assortment of personal characteristics, including conative and volitional characteristics must be taken into account when judging whether or not a person will profit from a specific training regime. All of us actively make choices, and such choices accumulate over time. Another benefit is observed in your wellbeing. For example, consider that the individual with extremely large levels of perseverance and motivation can offset different characteristics that might be less than stellar by comparison, like a bad memory.

The Birth of the United States from the Colonies Essay

During the time period from 1765 to 1800, the government of the Colonies and eventually that of the United States, dealt with countless issues to create the system which governs the citizens of the United States today. Starting in 1765 with the passage of the Stamp Act by the British monarchy up to 1798 with the election of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1800 by the Colonial government, the aforesaid government, fought to rid itself of constant threats to the liberties and freedoms of the American people and the greater good as well as to preserve its intended purpose for as long as it is able. Political leaders such as Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton all had concerns about competing interests that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I can consent to no government, which, in my opinion is not calculated equally to preserve the rights of all orders of men in the community† (Document F). Prior to and through the Revolutionary War and the cre ation of the Union, along with the ideas of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, citizens of the colonies had no idea that it was possible to alter or abolish their government if, for any reason it overstepped the boundaries of its power. Under the British monarchy, the people of the colonies had no freedoms or say in much of their daily lives; everything they bought or consumed raised revenue for the British through excessive taxes and acts. For example, with the Stamp Act of 1765, all paper in the colonies from death certificates to newspapers was supposed to have a stamp on it to show that a tax had been paid, which raised revenue for a colonial army and also was the beginning of colonial resentment of British policies. After much protest to this act, the British Parliament put in place the Declaratory Act of 1766, which repealed the Stamp Act but also gave Parliament the full power to tax colonists in the future. After these acts came the Townshend Acts which imposed further taxes on goods like glass, paper, and tea; all products, the British knew, that would bring in considerable revenue because they were staples of colonial life. Then there was the issue of a privacy breach under the writs of assistance which allowed BritishShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Colonial Era929 Words   |  4 Pagesera was the beginnings of what was to become the United States of America. The transition from the Colonial period to what is now known as the United State came by way of the American Revolution. The American Revolution led to the birth of a nation which in turn led to its westward expansion. The westward expansion exposed internal conflicts, between the North and the South, eventually leading to the Civi l War. The development of America was birth through the merger of the Colonial era and the AmericanRead MoreThe Peopling of America Questions Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationship with the Indians like the people of Plymouth started out having, and if they did the Indians could have showed them how to take care of themselves. 2. Why did these individuals migrate to the New World? To have a fresh start away from England and all of their absurd laws and restrictions on religion. They were tired of living under the Church of England. 3. Describe their experiences in migrating to America. The ships were horrid and not many people survived the trip to theRead MoreThe Birth Of America Is Well, The Biggest And Greatest1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe birth of America is well, the biggest and greatest thing to ever happen to us. There are many things that led up to the 1865 era such as salutary neglect, the Constitution, the Louisiana Purchase, Manifest Destiny, and Slavery. Those are just a few things that America powered through to get where we are today. Our Forefathers attempted to rectify what some would consider harsh actions made by the kingdom of Britain in the mid 1700’s. The British didn’t take the American territoriesRead MoreThe American Revolution : A Significant Part Of American History1399 Words   |  6 Pagesall, it is the reason behind the birth of this great nation. The American Revolution took place between 1765 and 1783 during which the colonists in the thirteen American colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain and founded the the United States of America. By 1763 the crisis had begun to develop. John Adams was right when he wrote; â€Å"The revolution was in the minds of the people, and the union of of the colonies, before hostilities commenced. TheRead MoreFirst Fight : The Birth Of The Army1665 Words   |  7 PagesTO FIGHT: THE BIRTH OF THE ARMY USAACE NCOA SSG Bryan J. 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It had three bullets missing and my fingerprints all over it. They said it could only be a trained hitman or a UCA Marine. They say I was both. I can’t remember anything, not even my name. But I have two memories. One was being thrown from an F2 tornadoRead MoreThomas Jefferson s The Declaration Of Independence984 Words   |  4 PagesBy the 1770’s the thirteen colonies had become un-happy with their motherland of Britain. The colonists believed they were being taxed unjustly. Soon the bigger issues like political differences became obvious the thirteen colonies decided to declare themselves separate from Britain. The Continental Congress created a committee to write a draft stating the colonies had the â€Å"right to be independent states†(Shi and Mayer 2016, 104). The group designated Thomas Jefferson to be the main author. InRead MoreMoments Of History : Jessica Miller, Fingerlakes Community College1188 Words   |  5 Pagespeek in on the beginning of some of the things we take for granted every day. The birth of America or the discovery of America was the first important moment in American History. Many refer to this moment as the discovery , but â€Å"North and South Americas already had native people whom lived on the coasts of the landâ€Å", according to (Foner.p 8). The first foreign countries to settle and steal the land away from the natives were Britain, Spain, and France. Britain claimed majority of the east coasts

The Creation Vs. Evolution Debate - 1017 Words

The creation vs. evolution debate is a question of origins. How did we get here? Were we created or did we evolve randomly? Are we the product of purposeful intelligence or are we merely the end result of countless cosmic accidents? What does the evidence say? Well in this paper I am writing in regards to creation and what I learned and what I believe that is true evidence that God was the one that created us in his image, so here we go. In genesis 1:1 its tells us in the Beginning God created the Heaven and the earth. So, a lot of evolutionist believe in an old earth by the rocks and the layers in what the rocks have, but as a creationist we believe in a young earth and that we are a couple thousand years old and that God was the one that created it in 6 days. Also, in John 1:1 it says in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The creation account is found in Genesis 1–2. The language of the Genesis account makes it clear that all of crea tion was formed from nothing in six literal 24-hour periods with no time periods occurring between the days. This is evident because the context requires a literal 24-hour period. The description specifically describes the event in a manner that a normal, common-sense reading understands as a literal day: â€Å"And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day† (Genesis 1:5). Further, each sentence in the original language begins with the word â€Å"and.† The Genesis account reveals that the Word of GodShow MoreRelatedThe Creation Vs. Evolution Debate1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe creation vs. evolution debate is a question of origins. How did we get here? Were we created or did we evolve randomly? Are we the product of purposeful intelligence or are we merely the end result of countless cosmic accidents? What does the evidence say? Well in this paper I am writing in regards to creation and what I learned and what I believe that is true evidence that Go d was the one that created us in his image, so here we go. In genesis 1:1 its tells us in the Beginning God created theRead MoreThe Debate Between Evolution and Creationism1648 Words   |  7 PagesIf the question was posed as to what is the debate between creationism vs. evolution consist of, the thought that it is ‘â€Å"God did it† vs. â€Å"Natural processes did it,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Scott, 2004) may arise. Science cannot absolutely prove or disprove Creation or Evolution. Yet scientist and the remainder of society use creationism and evolution to prove our existence. Creationist believe in the Christian account of the origin as recorded in Genesis. Creationism is the belief that statements such as â€Å"In the beginningRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has its rootsRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolutionism in Public Schools1538 Words   |  7 PagesDebate: Creationism vs. Evolution in Schools: 1st Affirmative Constructive Speech Creationism and Evolutionism by definition are very different topics. Currently, evolutionary naturalism is the most widely taught view of origins in America. 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Until 1859, Sir Charles Darwin’s book â€Å"On the Origin of Species† introduced and described a theory based solely onRead MoreEssay on Creation vs. Evolution1348 Words   |  6 PagesCreation vs. Evolution Ever since the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the Genesis story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause of the debate because the different theories are simply myths meantRead MoreThe Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s Dreaming1485 Words   |  6 Pagesside of the nature versus nurture debate in terms of this topic is nurture. 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Dverse Population Of Global City London †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dverse Population Of Global City London. Answer: London is considered a global city due to the diverse population its hosts. London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and England. Noteworthy, it has various tourist attractions and other qualities that make it irresistible to tourist and foreign trade. Previously, London was occupied by the Romans before other groups of people came along. Before the 13TH Century, London was known as Londinium.Since time in memorial, London city has always been populous. As in the 2nd century, it was estimated that London was occupied by over a hundred thousand people. However, the populous population has substantially reduced the Plaque during the 17th century. However, the population recuperated towards the 18th and 19th centuries. The hospitality of Londoners does not go unnoticed. Noteworthy, London has a rich cultural history. This history has made it more attractive to tourists due to the cultural practices, architectural buildings, and unique superstructure. Londons history is shaped by the Roman Empire existence and the British Industrial revolution whose effects directly impacted the city. In addition to being a tourist destination, London is among the largest international trade destination. Primarily, London is the center of foreign exchange transactions. In addition, the city is surrounded by stable financial institutions which make international trade easily viable (Consultancy.Uk, 2016). Further, there is an adequate supply of labor owing to the highly populous composition of the city and also the high immigration rates into the city. The demand for foreign trade and the existence of supply factors in the city of London makes it good for foreign trade (JLL, 2018). In addition, the United Kingdoms political will has made London as a business and tourism destination possible. This is due to the fact that London is home to the United Kingdom's parliament. Also, the United Kingdoms government has implemented proper and adequate infrastructure to support international and local business activities. Through its parliament, business governing regulations and regulatory bodies have been put in place to facilitate and encourage foreign trade (Smithsonian,2013). The political stability of the United Kingdom has created a conducive business environment which has boosted the revenue of London as a City. Majorly, Londons strongest market connections are with China, The United States of America and European Union Member states. Londons accessibility has been boosted by the implemented infrastructure. Specifically, London transportation network is considered the largest in the world. The underground railway transportation system has made public transport accessible and relatively affordable thus making transit easier and faster. In addition, London has various buses, air transport and water transport system which make accessibility easy and timely that boosts trade. Regarding, Climate, Londons weather is temperate, relatively high temperatures, rare snowing and freezing spells which is favorable for tourism and other activities. However, when it snows, ice skating is possible and fun to do. London Winters are low with relatively warm temperatures. Physically, London cuts across the River Thames. The River Thames is attractive as a port city and is ideal for transportation of goods (Merk, n. d). There are various resources that support the prestigious status of London as a global business destination. .Cultural diversity makes London attractive for tourists (World cities cultural forum, 2018).London enjoys a reputation for rich culture, unique building design, and architecture which make London suitable for business and pleasure. The populous pollution is a source of the readily available labor force which is ideal for business transactions. London enjoys comparative advantages when it comes to financial, real estate and the service industry. Also, the strategic River Thames facilitates transportation of goods in and out of London which is advantageous for business. Londons competitive advantages stem from its location, access to international markets, skilled taskforce and a conducive regulatory framework.London is an international trading center for the most foreign transaction. Also, London is endowed with various superstructures such as the underground tunnel. The underground railway tunnel is not only unique but it is the largest in the world (Global Alliance of SMES,2018). The underground tunnel has made public transportation easy and convenient.Not only is the tunnel a form of public transport but also a tourist attraction. In addition, London is a center for political, social and economic activity. London being the center of political activity is because the United Kingdoms parliament is stationed in London. The infrastructure in place in London has made the city accessible and ideal for business, both local and international. Londons infrastructure is considered the largest, in terms of public transportation means, the underground railway network. Recently, Britain opted out of the European Union. This event could have adverse impacts on the economic future activities of London and other Britain territories. This is due to the fact that London major export destination was the European Union.(Office for national statistics,2018).Alongside the European Union member states, China and the United States of America are Londons top trading partners. The future of London economic revenue might be slightly affected by this move.London is the perfect international business and tourist destination owing to the fact that it has a conducive environment for both Pleasure and business. Moreover, there are social and special events such as the Wimbledon, which is considered a historic sports event. Other entertainment activities include ice-skating, carnivals, parades, swimming, and birdwatching, gaming and gambling facilities among other activities for entertainment. All in all, the importance of London as a city to its country and to the rest of the world cannot be ignored. London is the definition of an international destination for vacationing and getting business done. This is due to the factor that London has the best enabling environment for international businesses, political stability and will, rich cultural background, superstructure, better infrastructure and superstructure that make the city accessible, leisure activities and facilities are in place and an effective legal regulatory framework for international trade transactions. Skilled labor force and ready market for its product and services give London a comparative advantage over other cities partaking in the same trade. Not only is London an international business destination but also an international tourist destination. However, following the Brexit Vote, there might be some economic revenue changes to Londons export revenue. References Consultancy.Uk. (2016).The Top 25 attractive global cities, London and New York Lead. Consultancy.Org. Retrieved from https://www.consultancy.uk/news/12197/the-top-25-most-attractive-global-cities-london-and-new-york-lead Global Alliance of SMES. (2018).What Makes London a Global city? Globalsmes. Org. Retrieved from https://www.globalsmes.org/news/index.php?func=detaildetailid=572catalog=30lan=en JLL. (2018). Competitiveness. Grow. London. Retrieved from https://grow.london/competitiveness/ London First. (2012).Londons Current and Future Competitiveness: A review of Competitor Data.[Online].Retrieved from https://londonfirst.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/Competitiveness_report_-_FINAL.pdf Merk, O. (n .d).The Competitiveness of Global Port-Cities Synthesis Report. Organization for economic Cooperation and .D.Org. .Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/Competitiveness-of-Global-Port-Cities-Synthesis-Report.pdf Office for National Statistics. (2018).Who does the UK Trade with?. ONS .Gov. UK. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/articles/whodoestheuktradewith/2017-02-21 Smithsonian. (2013).Top 10 Annual Events in London. Smithsonian.Com. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/top-10-annual-events-in-london-1-1378476 World Cities Culture Forum.(2018).Cities .World cities culture forum.[Online].Retrieved from https://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/cities/london

Globalization the Making of World Society Book Review Essay Example

Globalization: the Making of World Society Book Review Essay Running Head: GLOBALIZATION: The Making of World Society Review Essay: Globalization: The Making of World Society Part One: Summary Introduction Since the industrial revolution, the structure of world has been constantly evolving and progressing. The spread has involved the interlacing of economic and cultural activity, connectedness of the production, communication and technologies around the world, and it is now known as – globalization. The book I chose for this particular essay is Frank J. Lechner’s, Globalization: the Making of World Society first published in 2009. Author Frank J. Lechner was born in 1958 in Amsterdam, Netherlands and is the director of Graduate Studies Professor Department of Sociology at the Emory University in Atlanta. In 1982 he earned his Master in Arts degree in Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh followed by a Ph. D. in 1985 in sociology as well. Most of his focus lies in global culture, change, religion and theory. One of his most recent researches involved national identity, specifically concerning the Dutch. In addition to publishing Globalization:  The Making of World Society  (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), Lechner is the author  The Netherlands: National Identity and Globalization  (2008), and  World Culture: Origins and Consequences  (with John Boli, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005), as well as numerous papers on religion and sociological theory. Book Summary In Globalization: The Making of World Society, Lechner talks about the processes that unfold in a wide range of fields such as sports, media, food industry, global economy, environment and religion due to globalization. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization: the Making of World Society Book Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization: the Making of World Society Book Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization: the Making of World Society Book Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He describes its effects on everyday experience all around the world and demonstrates how globalization is also generating new discourses, cultures, and state policies. He explains globalization as a part of a still-greater transformation, both technical and social. Lechner wrote this book and divided it into three main parts: Global Experience, Global Institutions, and Global Problems. Each of these three parts is further divided into few more sub-topics such as for example, food, sports and media in Part I. In the first part of the book, the author describes the three â€Å"waves† of food globalization around the world. The first â€Å"wave†, he describes as a â€Å"wave† in which Jamaica became a â€Å"sugar island† at the centre of the global network. The wave started not with a desire for sugar but with a search for spices. Many European explorers lured into travel by the prospect of finding gold and silver and were able to not only bring precious metals home but have brought tomatoes and potatoes to the European diet. Another part of the first wave that the author talks about is when the Portuguese reached China and introduced maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts which later helped to sustain China’s population boom. With the first wave of globalization, more people became globally connected in more ways than ever before. People in different parts of the world were able to taste foods from other continents. As the new links in globalization were beginning to become established, they benefited some and harmed many others. Early globalization thus began to create a global hierarchy. The second â€Å"wave† which dissipated in the early twentieth century is described as the time in which the Dakotas became the bread basket of the world. Also, large parts of Canada, Argentina and Australia became a source of food and profit and by 1913 they produced more wheat than all of Europe. As globalization continued to spread, a global food system emerged, tying all producers into a network of interdependence. The world market created enormous wealth and leading nations, tied together through free trade, strove to safeguard their power by extending their imperial reach. The third â€Å"wave† of globalization was called â€Å"McDonald’s in East Asia. † In this section of the book Lechner talks about how with globalization nothing stays exotic as it standardizes experience through organized diffusion. Although the third wave incorporates a lot of what the first and the second waves started, it is unique in the aspect that a fast food restaurant such as McDonald’s could be everywhere, yet nowhere in particular, as it helps deterritorialize eating itself – a step beyond both first and second waves f globalization. Furthermore, in the section on sports and the direction of globalization the writer describes the way sports and in particular soccer, has grown from the homeland of England to a worldwide game with the same rules. He explains that globalization does not mean that global rules, organizations, or models just take over. The global connections of the world society do not substitute for local ties such as America n football in US, rather they move in tandem. It is clear that in sports, globalization occurs in and through local and national settings as it adds another layer of connections and a new kind of shared awareness to the people in a certain society. In the last sub-category on global media, Frank Lechner talks about the role of Indian television, patterns in global television, and interpretations for global television as well as cultural imperialism. He describes the way the rights for television shows and programs such as â€Å"Who wants to be a Millionaire? † have been sold to well over 80 countries and have enjoyed great success worldwide. Many commercials and advertisements on TV carry subliminal messages that are aimed for a certain audience with a high degree of studying being put forward into the creation of the â€Å"perfect commercial†. In Part II of the novel the author begins to unravel the complicated and sometimes confusing aspects of the world economy. He begins with describing the way China, a country with extraordinary size and history, transformed and rebuilt itself after World War II at a time when broader reforms were sweeping the world hierarchy. He goes on to explain America’s three main goals in the post-war time: to make trade flow much more freely, to stabilize the world’s financial system, and to encourage international investment. Moreover, Lechner describes the significance of Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Germany in the late nineteenth century, and his role in introduction of accident insurance bills and health care bills in Germany which marked the beginning of rise of welfare states. He also outlines Roosevelt’s and Veldkamp’s positions and their contribution in Britain and Netherlands respectively. Frank Lechner continues with talking about the way in which globalization creates a political opportunity for the left-leaning political parties, promising to ride to the rescue in a time when some argue that globalization dampens welfare nations, to rather strengthen these states. Another aspect of globalization discussed in this part of the book is education. Education plays a key role in today’s society and with many people travelling with their high school kids to the United States and Canada in order to have a higher chance for a university or college admission, proves that in higher education a global market already operates. The next section of the second part of the book briefly describes global civil society and global governance. United Nations, according to the author, has taken on â€Å"a larger law-making role than its founders had envisioned†. The direction of change proposed by such an institution does not always have the full consensus of relevant states in an issue, yet that change is toward more organization of certain fields above and beyond states. Part III of Globalization: The Making of World Society strictly focuses on global concerns. The author describes key issues such as global migration, inequality, environment, and justice. First of the four issues listed is migration. The third wave of globalization witnessed a rise in migration, mainly from south to north along the gradient formed by global inequality. In this section of the book Lechner touches on the issue of redefining the national identity of a country as it is a goal in certain countries, which also links back to his previous two books:   The Netherlands: National Identity and Globalization  (2008), and  World Culture: Origins and Consequences  (with John Boli, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005). The second issue at hand in this section of his book is global inequality. In this section of the book the writer explains that globalization is essential for countries in the â€Å"bottom billion† to catch up, yet there is no single success path for all of the poorest nations. In this chapter he clearly paints his main argument that â€Å"globalization is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer,† and goes on to say, â€Å"but if it is to lead to a more tangible ‘world society’, it will have to help reduce poverty and inequality far more† (Lechner, 241). The last two section of the book primarily touch on the effects of globalization and its interconnectedness with global environment and global justice. Lechner discusses environmentalism and the way countries such as China deal with the environment and society in a balanced way. He put forward an example of Three Gorges damn built in China which displaced 2 million Chinese people, created a reservoir of nearly 400 miles and supplies 20 times more energy than America’s Hoover Dam. as an example of what a county could do in order to decrease the environmental damage, yet at the same time take a risk of displacing 2 million residents of the area. Literature Comparison Globalization: The Making of World Society by Frank Lechner is his attempt to clarify the key issues surrounding globalization in a brief, accessible and critical analysis of a complex topic. From the research conducted, I it is safe to conclude that this book is not a reply to any other book proposed by other write rs; rather it is his attempt to explain his point of view on globalization and issues proposed by it. Yet the author explaining his point of view represents one side of a bigger argument about globalization’s effect on the world, but no clear intentions of proving a point to a specific person or institution has been noted. Main Argument(s) The main argument proposed by Frank Lechner is that although there are many issues around globalization as a whole, he believes that globalization is essential for the poorest nations to catch up. He is keen on his point of view, and thus goes on to explain that development is the only way to reduce economic inequality. Another part of his argument is that â€Å"globalization is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer†¦but if it is to lead to a more tangible ‘world society’, it will have to help reduce poverty and inequality far more† (Lechner, 241). Part Two: Critical Analysis Personal Opinion After analyzing Lechner’s work, there are too many factors that make an accurate prediction difficult. The industrial revolution and the global expansion that it created, is on a scale that has never been seen in history. As a result, new issues are created, while old issues are modified. The interdependencies between nations revolve around a free market. This encourages exploitation as a method to produce capital. The astronomical growth of supply and demand puts a heavy toll on the environment and its resources, which leads to an inevitable carrying capacity. The gap between rich and poor continues to increase around the world including capitalist drivers such as Canada and United States. Although Lechner does not see globalization as the main force in the inequality gap, I believe that this issue is of great concern. In order to have a more objective opinion of globalization, we need to analyze the detrimental factors and the potential they have in slowing down or even reversing the constructive effects of globalization. When taking these factors into consideration, they become latent by the profits created. There is a growing concern with enormous amount of evidence of corruption happening in most developing, third world nations. Bribery enables transnational companies to gain export contracts, particularly in the arms trade and in construction, which they would not have otherwise won. Every year, Western companies pay huge amounts of money in bribes to the officials and rulers in the developing countries in order to win over competitors. As these bribes go through, they have unfavourable results on the developing country, as they disadvantage smaller domestic firms, weaken development and deteriorate inequality and poverty, distort decision-making in favour of the project that benefits few rather than many, increase national debt, benefit the investor not the country, as well as damage the environment. All of the factors listed above are proof of negative effects of corruption on successful globalization, which according to Lechner, â€Å"is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer† (Lechner, 241). The second issue I would like to address is the growing gap between the rich and poor in not only developing countries, but the capitalist hubs. According to the latest consensus data released on May 1, 2008 by Statistics Canada, â€Å"between 1980 and 2005, median earning among Canada’s top earners rose more than 16 percent while those in the bottom fifth saw their wages dip by 20 percent (The Canadian Press, 2008). Furthermore, the  gap between rich and poor  is widening, both within and among countries. In 1960, the richest 20 percent of the world’s population controlled 70 percent of global income, yet by 1993, the â€Å"richest 20† controlled 85 percent. In the same time period, the share of the poorest 20 percent had decreased from 2. 3 to 1. 4 percent. These disparities are likely to increase for the next half century as above stated issues such as corruption continue to affect the developing world (Human Development Report, 1996). The third big issue at hand, which I believe causes globalization to have a negative outlook in the eyes of the proletarian individuals including me, is the environmental damages that are caused. Economic theory argues that the free market can be expected to produce an efficient and improved level of resource use, production, consumption, and environment protection, yet when private costs, which are the foundation for market decision, diverge from social costs, a market failure occurs resulting in pollution levels. Intensified trade and competitiveness pressures between companies generate harmful impacts on environmental quality (Esty, D. nd Ivanova, M. ). As the big name companies move into an immature economy of a developing country, they have the power to make the government change the laws and reduce their previous environmental requirements. Thus, the company that cannot function in Canada or Germany with those amounts of emission without paying fines will use the developing cou ntry’s position to produce high level of emissions with no restrictions. This point links back to the issue of corruption in the developing countries described earlier. In addition, local government must protect the environment by not letting giant companies take over and control the government in order to make huge profits. Likewise, economic agreements that do not promote the common good and that are designed to increase the profits of few people in the world should be rejected by the authorities, if not local, then global. In conclusion, Globalization: The Making of World Society by Frank Lechner describes how the processes of globalization unfold in a wide range of fields including sports, religion, media, and the environment. The author tries to explain and analyze the complex subject of globalization in a concise and easy-to-understand manner. His main argument in the book surrounds the explanation of how he believes that globalization is essential for the poorest nations to catch up and that globalization is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. References Dauvergn, P. (n. d. ). Globalization and the environment. Esty, D. C. C. , Ivanova, M. H. (2003). Globalization effects on the environment. Globalization nd Environmental Protection: a Global Governance Perspective. Retrieved November 20, 2011 from http://www. yale. edu/gegdialogue/docs/dialogue/oct03/papers/Esty-Ivanova. pdf Lechner, F. J. (2009). Globalization: The Making of the World Society. Hong Kong: Wiley- Blackwell Publication. Research and markets; globalization: The making of world society. (2009). Investment Weekly News,  (19458177), 423. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. qa. proquest. com/docview/ 200892079? accountid=1477 1 Shah, A. (2011). Corruption. Global Issues. Retrieved November 21, 2011, from http://www. globalissues. org/article/590/corruption#GlobalizationMultinational CorporationsandCorruption The Canadian Press. (2008, May 1). Rich get richer, poor get poorer, census results show. Retrieved November 21, 2011, from http://www. ctv. ca/CTVNews/Canada/ 20080501/rich_poor_080501/ The gap between rich and poor is widening. (2004). World Resource Institute. Retrieved November 19,2011 from http://www. wri. org/publication/content/8659

Free Essays on Crazy In The Streets

Term Paper: Crazy in the Streets There is a difference when you are homeless because you’re bankrupt, you have no job, no where to look to, and because everyone that you have known has abandoned you, and homeless, simply because you have a psychotic illness that cannot be controlled and has to be treated because the illness could be a threat to your life or to the people that come in contact with you. The difference between these two types of homeless people is that one type has a choice and the other doesn’t. The homeless person that is bankrupt and has no job can always turn his life around and try to start from somewhere to get his life back in control, but what the homeless person with the psychotic illness do? Obviously they can’t just say, Ok I’m all better now, let me get my life back together, no, they would need some serious psychiatric treatment to turn their life around. But how do they come to the conclusion that they need psychiatric treatment? Or better yet why is this pe rson who has a serious psychotic illness living on the streets without any supervision? The answer is deinstitutionalization, which Paul S. Appelbaum talks about in his essay Crazy in the Streets. Appelbaum talks about how deinstitutionalization came about and how the wrong approach was taken, how it affected communities, and how the mental patients coped with living in a sane area. This paper will give you a summary of Crazy in the Streets and my opinions and evaluations about all that is written in Appelbaum’s essay. Deinstitutionalization was an experiment involving the release of about 800,000 mental patients. This idea was very well liked by liberals and conservatives because by decreasing the state mental hospitals by over 50% mental patients were receiving their freedom, and also because of the large amount of money that would be saved by cutting the mental health budget. Before the concept of deinstitutionalization however, the ... Free Essays on Crazy In The Streets Free Essays on Crazy In The Streets Term Paper: Crazy in the Streets There is a difference when you are homeless because you’re bankrupt, you have no job, no where to look to, and because everyone that you have known has abandoned you, and homeless, simply because you have a psychotic illness that cannot be controlled and has to be treated because the illness could be a threat to your life or to the people that come in contact with you. The difference between these two types of homeless people is that one type has a choice and the other doesn’t. The homeless person that is bankrupt and has no job can always turn his life around and try to start from somewhere to get his life back in control, but what the homeless person with the psychotic illness do? Obviously they can’t just say, Ok I’m all better now, let me get my life back together, no, they would need some serious psychiatric treatment to turn their life around. But how do they come to the conclusion that they need psychiatric treatment? Or better yet why is this pe rson who has a serious psychotic illness living on the streets without any supervision? The answer is deinstitutionalization, which Paul S. Appelbaum talks about in his essay Crazy in the Streets. Appelbaum talks about how deinstitutionalization came about and how the wrong approach was taken, how it affected communities, and how the mental patients coped with living in a sane area. This paper will give you a summary of Crazy in the Streets and my opinions and evaluations about all that is written in Appelbaum’s essay. Deinstitutionalization was an experiment involving the release of about 800,000 mental patients. This idea was very well liked by liberals and conservatives because by decreasing the state mental hospitals by over 50% mental patients were receiving their freedom, and also because of the large amount of money that would be saved by cutting the mental health budget. Before the concept of deinstitutionalization however, the ...

Problem of Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem of Evil - Essay Example The question is viewed in the angle that if God has all the power and ability he is said to have, why is he not capable of preventing all the evil that affects the well-being of people. Furthermore, a group of people that tend to question the existence of God asks if he is truly morally perfect; and if he is, why does not he do anything in relation to controlling the bad things that happen. These questions conflict with the firm belief of the orthodox theist. The theist believes there is a perfect God who is in control of everything that happens in this world (Michael 324). The other significant issue employed in the logical problem argument is that it is impossible for some of the statements to be true. One such statement indicates that God is omnipotent. This statement simply means that God is all-powerful (Michael 324). The other statement that cause question is that God is omniscient (Michael 324). This statement means that God is all-knowing. Moreover, another statement that ten ds to raise various questions states that God is perfectly good (Michael 324). The final statement that develops various questions on this issue is that evil exists. Some people in the society support the above statements, but they tend to raise various contradictions in relation to the logical problem argument (Michael 326). ... This is because he would have the power of controlling them. The other contradiction that emerges states that if God is perfectly good, he is supposed to play a crucial role in making sure that people he created do not suffer. This simply means that he would not allow any evil to happen. Moreover, the other contradiction states that, if evil truly exists, there is a high probability to the claim that the abovementioned statements are not true. This means that God is not omnipotent, omniscient, or perfectly good. On the other hand, theists argue that people perform evil because they choose to do so on the basis of the free will inherent in them; and, as God needs people to love him – that is, to do good in his name – on the basis of their free choice, he does not force does them to do good – he does not need robots. So, universe and humans have been created as good by God; afterwards, it was the free will that, having chosen to disobey God, brought evil into man a nd the world. The Evidential Argument The evidential argument supports the fact there is some known evidence of evil that truly indicates that God does not exist (Rowe & Nick 163). However, unlike the logical argument based on the contradiction between the existence of evil and the existence of God, evidential argument takes a different move. The argument tries to demonstrate there might be no God considering the existence of various forms and kinds of evil (Rowe & Nick 166). Moreover, the evidential argument takes into consideration for how long evil has been happening on the Earth. Various issues related to evil illustrate there are things beyond human control (Murray n.p). This means that human beings perform unacceptable things, and they are

Long Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Long Proposal - Essay Example Since we are going to apply our project to find the solutions of the RTD parking for people who are in trouble due to mismanagement and due to parking issues at RTD, we will be working all the community workers who are responsible to manage RTD parking, all people who are using RTD space as parking lots and all customers who are influenced by TRD parking shortage. The audience includes community staff, fellow students, passersby, customers. We will also be utilizing blue print documents and maps of the RTD parking areas. Our proposal is interlinked with what we have studied at university level. It is related because it deals with our problems as we are regular passengers of RTD, we are directly influenced by RTD parking problem, among many who are directly or indirectly influenced by these problems. RTD parking lots unavailability has direct influence on all students who require to purchase pass through school and being not able to utilize this pass have repercussions like it portray s financial burden on schools to provide transportation services to the students who are in need. Students studying business communication are worse hit by RTD problems because they are dependent on the RTD parking to attend their classes.

Short Guide to Answering Exam Questions Essay Example for Free

Short Guide to Answering Exam Questions Essay Such questions are usually very straightforward. You would usually be asked to â€Å"discuss†, â€Å"explain† or â€Å"write short notes†. However, the examiner may sometimes ask you to â€Å"compare†, â€Å"identify the difference: or â€Å"explain the difference†. This type of question would expect you to list out what the respective characteristics of the terms are and then identify the differences. Just be careful of overconfidence. Hypothetical questions Look first at the question the examiner wants you to answer. It is usually found in the last sentence(s) of the question. This will influence the way you look at the hypothetical facts given. If you look at the facts before you look at the question, you may form your own question and this may result in the inappropriate answer. 1. 1. 2. Identifying applicable law (applicable to all questions) Once you have identified the question, this also narrows down the principles you have to use to answer. The applicable principles can be very wide or very narrow. A contract question is obviously about the law of contract. But the law of contract covers many different sub-topics. Even these can be very general. For example, you have misrepresentation, mistake, lack of capacity etc. Under mistake, you have unilateral or bilateral mistakes. And the list goes on. Once you identify the appropriate legal principle, you should quickly write down the key points. Being able to narrow down the specific law being asked also means that you can elaborate more on the specific point. This will mean less time wasted on unnecessary points. 1. 1. 3. Identifying the key factors for liability (applicable to all questions) As you study, you would realize that the law is very much like a mathematical formula. To establish liability under a principle, you would usually have to establish certain factors exist. The hypothetical usually requires you to discuss one or more of these factors. Before you are able to proceed further, you should therefore identify the key factors. Example is that for a contract to be formed, you must have the factors of offer, acceptance of the offer, an intention to create legal relationship and consideration. Once you identify the appropriate key principle, you should quickly jot down the key words as well as the key case to be used. Identifying the key facts (not applicable to pure theoretical questions) Once the key points have been identified, you are now ready to look at the facts of the case. As you read the facts, you will be now looking to see how many of the factors actually exist in the problem. You have to carefully identify the â€Å"missing† or â€Å"contentious† facts. For other questions, you have to identify what the examiner wants from you. If it is similarity or difference, then you look for the similarities or differences in the principles you are expected to compare. For one thing, a lot of students think they if they cover everything, they are bound to hit something. The problem often is that you do not discuss enough about the relevant issues and much about the irrelevant ones. The student also runs out of time and this is often the reason why students find that they have not enough time. †¢ Criticizing the law. Students sometimes feel it necessary to criticize a legal principle. The mistake is that you spend all the time criticizing the principle without solving the problem. Focus on solving the problem first before criticizing the law. Ignoring the law. Sometimes the legal answer seems wrong from a practice point of view. The student then decides to give â€Å"practical† advice instead of focusing on the legal aspects of the case. Again, give your legal solution first before embarking on the â€Å"practical† solution. †¢ Confusing the solution. Students try very hard to solve the entire problem at the same time. This o ften leads to convoluted and incomprehensible answers. In short, no one (including the student) understands the answer. Solve one problem at a time and then give the overall view at the end.

Law Enforcement Innovations in Reaction to The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks a

The terrorist attacks to the World Trade Center towers in New York City on September 11, 2001 has changed the way federal, state and local police departments communicate with each other, their structures, and operations. The new federal organization known as Homeland Security set out to coordinate their work at the state level, collect, analyze and share pertinent information and intelligence, protect key infrastructure and assets, secure the nation’s borders and ports, team up with federal and local task forces, and prepare new response training, equipment, systems and strategies (Foster and Cordner, 2005). The Federal Bureau of Investigation also shifted focus from addressing traditional crimes to preventing terrorist attacks. This is a change in strategy much like the change between the reform and community policing eras (National Research Council, 2004). It would be next to impossible for federal agencies to work directly with local agencies since there are around 18,000 local departments throughout the nation (Foster and Cordner, 2005). Occurrences such as these are the downfall of a decentralized police system, but 9/11 has created more cohesion through the federal, state and local agencies (National Research Council, 2004). This resulted from state agencies that were selected as a liaison between the federal and local law agencies to do business such as disseminating information, sharing resources and asking for assistance (Foster and Cordner, 2005). This centralization makes more levels of administration responsible for strategies and tactics (Kelling and Moore, 1988). State agencies saw a 75.4 percent increase in terrorism related intelligence gathering, analysis and dissemination, 61.3 percent increase in ... ..., 2008; Rush, 2008; Kelling and Moore, 1988). These systems fall into the category of community policing as these campus police departments engage the community in the prevention of crime (Walsh, 2001). 9/11 has placed terrorist prevention in the hands of the local law enforcement agencies and reorganized the systems of law enforcement throughout our country. School shootings such as the massacre at Virginia Tech have heightened the need for security measures that can reach people quickly and on a mass scale. Where we once thought we were safe, now large-scale acts of lawlessness have brought safety and security to the fore. These acts of violence have already changed the strategies of law enforcement. If these changes give any picture of the future strategies and tactics will become more centralized and the community will be engaged to a higher degree.

The role of government in fostering intermodal transport innovation

Freight transportation systems are very important all over the world and are considered to be very significant to the world for regional and local economies (Konings & H. Nijkamp, 2008). The author has explained that using 1994 gross national product numbers freight transportation made 6. 3 per cent of total expenditure (Knoning & H.Nijkamp, 2008).Freight transportation represents a percentage of total expenditures 38. 52 per cent of the total. Here in the United States freight transportation system has become very important of global network, which has increase capacity and demand for the needs of customers that are placed on freight services.There have been past studies and concerns about environmental and health issues, for these reasons, yes, I do agree with the author and that he did provide several reasons â€Å" to implement proactive policies to foster intermodal transport innovation and ultimately, enhance the competitive edge of the American economy, foster the role of fre ight transportation as an agent of economic development and efficiency of the freight system, and to reduce the negative environmental and health externalities, and congestion, produced by freight transportation activity† (Knoning & H.Nijkamp, 2008).The author also explained and shows that the absence of intermodal innovation initiatives in the United States and that the analysis may provide proof and insights into how to tackle the problem of defining, implementing intermodal innovation initiatives† (page, 304). It is very clear that that the author has also explains that â€Å"well-documented American case provides insights into how best to overcome the challenge associated with defining policies, programmes to foster intermodal innovation (page, 304).The analysis does provide supporting information that assess the role of the government. The United States is known to be a major the head of transportation research and innovation. The author explained that â€Å"it wa s not easy to identify a consistent or coherent focus on the systemic challenges of freight transportation† due to part of which could be found in the institutional diversity and durability of American transportation finance planning and operations.The twentieth century, research efforts by the government and universities and private industries has grown and so have diversity (page, 305). The major agency that identifies and sponsor or conduct freight transportation research in the United States that highlights their influence role. (1) National Science Foundation (NSF)-and expanding the partnership with USDOT, based on successful model of public-private research partnership in the semiconductor industry.(2) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) largest best funded of USDOT, responsible for managing the Federal Aid Highway program. (3) Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) conducts research in the area of safety. Bur of Transportation Statistics (BTS) is the America’s p rimary repository of data on all aspects of mobility, and in cooperation with the US Census Bureau, BTS is conducts a Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) every five years.The Department of Transportation (DOT) supports and participates in applied transportation research aimed at for improving maintenance or enhancing their operations and funds freight research projects that is through local universities and the federally sponsored University Transportation Centers (UTCs), which are projects that focus on either specific operational issues or freight transportation modeling to support statewide planning efforts.National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), administered by the Transportation Research Board under the guidance of the Standing Committee on Research of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). All can be found in additional locations for American transportation research, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), by law focus on tr ansportation and land use issues in the United States urbanized areas, and diverse geography from across the MPO jurisdictions, which only some of them would identify freight movement.The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, supports exploration of the freight transportation opportunities has enabled intermodal planning and project development which is to become a central focus of the federal and state transportation agencies work according to the author on (pages, 308, 309). The author did show the main challenges of implementing a research programme that could stimulate intermodal innovations in freight transportation.The author stated that† the size and complexity of the American freight system poses a challenge that the implementation of freight research programme, which conflicting objectives of different freight modes are a reflection of competing with each other. The competition includes all modes and across the whole geography of the country† (page, 315).Singapore for example, the Netherlands, has a close association between the success or failure of a particular freight enterprise, meaning that the Port of Singapore and Port of Rotterdam and the economic development of the country, shows the importance of freight transportation and intermodal innovation which shows more cooperative working environment between the private industry and the government(page, 316).So in other words the planning horizons of the system’s operators, which are part of the private sector that keeps day-today operations of time horizons, short. This makes the public agencies responsible for planning, financing and implementing transportation projects. For as planning cycles is complex decision making and to implementing procedures is short term-within two years, medium terms two to five years, long term 10-20-50 year planning horizon.This planning horizon complicates the process by trying to define goals with transportation agencies and freight in dustry. When trying to advance the innovations from freight transportation research, disparity needs to take things into account, meaning that the research community and the freight industry should join and work together to consider freight issues for the nation’s economy. The freight industry leaders need to play a very critical role by raising the level of awareness with transportation research, education and training (page, 318).The analysis did show the focus on the American case conclusions, recommendation, and identified challenges that are related to an institutional setting and features that are related to the American freight transportation system, and related to the government agencies. There needs to be larger steps towards using research for intermodal transport innovation. The public and private policy people need to come together to engage to implement efforts for change.

Biochemical and hormonal changes in childhood obesity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5308 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Tags: Childhood Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? The prevalence of chronic or non communicable disease is escalating much more rapidly in developing countries than in industrialized countries. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, by the 2020, non communicable diseases will account for approximately three quarter of all deaths in the developing countries (WHO. Global Strategy for non communicable disease prevention, 1997). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Biochemical and hormonal changes in childhood obesity" essay for you Create order In this regard, a potential emerging public health issue for the developing countries may be increasing incidence of childhood obesity with associated complications, which in turn is likely to create public health burden for poorer nations in the near future (Freedman et al, 2001). Lower to middle income nations face the double burden of having both malnourished and over nourished population, with most overweight and obese children being concentrated in urban areas. Rapid urbanization is associated with unhealthy lifestyle or New World Syndrome. In addition, in such communities, childhood obesity is still considered a sign of healthiness and high social class. There is no universal consensus on a cut off points for defining overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, usually, for clinical practice and epidemiological studies, child overweight and obesity are assessed by means of indicators based on weight and height measurements, such as weight for height measures or body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m2))(WHO. Report series no.847, 1995).The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines obese as being at or above 95th percentile of body mass index for age (Kuczmarsk RJ et al, 2000). History of obesity is both interesting and gives details of its progression. Obesity is an age-old health condition. Through out the history of obesity, its reputation varies from appreciation and opposite among cultures and in time. Ancient Egyptians are said to consider obesity as disease. Perhaps the most famous and earliest evidence of obesity is the Venus figurines, Statuettes of an obese female torso that probably had a major role in rituals. Ancient China has also been aware of obesity and dangers that come with it. They always were a believer of prevention as a key to longevity. The Aztecs believed that obesity was supernatural, an affliction of the gods. Hippocrates, the father of medicines was aware of sudden deaths being more common among obese men than lean ones as stated in his writings. In certain cultures and areas where food is scarce and poverty is prevalent, is viewed as symbol of wealth and social status. To date, an African tribe purposely plumps up a bride to pre pare her for child bearing. Before a wedding can be set, a slim bride is pampered to gain weight until she reaches the suitable weight. Through out the history of obesity, the publics view and status of obesity changed considerably in the 1900s. It was regarded as unfashionable by the French designer, Paul Poi ret who designed skin-revealing clothes for women. About the same time, the incidence of obesity began to increase and become wide spread. Later in 1940s, Metropolitan life insurance published a chart of ideal weight for various heights. They also advocated that weight gain parallel to age is unhealthy. The government and medical society become more hands-on with obesity by imitating campaign against it. This was preceded by a study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease revealing obesity in the high ranks. Since then various diets and exercise programs have emerged. In 1996, the Body Mass Index (BMI) was published. This statistical calculation and index determined that a person is obese or not. At this time ,obesity incidence have soared, led by children and adolescent obesity, tripling in just a few short years, greater than any number in the history of obesity. This increase in the incidence of childhood obesity with associated cardiovascular risks, type 2 diabetes mellitus and stroke is supported by a considerable body of evidence. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescents has been increasing throughout much of the developed and developing world for the past few decades. It has become increasingly clear that excess adiposity in childhood predisposes individual not only to increased risk of adiposity and its sequaele as adults (Freedman et al, 2001), but also to increased risk of multiple chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence (Rosen bloom et al, 1999). Though mechanism not clearly delineated, excess body weight and adiposity is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications, cardiovascular disease risk factors, non alcoholic fatty liver disease and asthma in youth. Childhood Obesity 1930 1972 Risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance and vascular abnormalities were present in overweight children. CHD is likely to be increased in overweight children when they become adults as a result of established risk factors. This study investigated whether excess weight in childhood was associated with CHD in adulthood among a very large cohort of persons born in Denmark in 1930 through 1972. They underwent mandatory annual health examination at public or private schools in Copenhagen. Each child was examined by school doctors or nurses and was assigned a health card bearing childs name, date of birth, birth weight reported by parents. 10,235 men and 4,318 women, for whom childhood BMI data were available, received a diagnosis of CHD or died of CHD as adults. The risk of CHD event, a non fatal event, and a fatal event among adults was positively associated with BMI at 7-13 years of age for boys and 10 to 13 years of ag e as girls. The associations were linear for each age and risk increased across the entire BMI distribution. Childhood Obesity 1930 1972 Risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance and vascular abnormalities were present in overweight children. CHD is likely to be increased in overweight children when they become adults as a result of established risk factors. This study investigated whether excess weight in childhood was associated with CHD in adulthood among a very large cohort of persons born in Denmark in 1930 through 1972. They underwent mandatory annual health examination at public or private schools in Copenhagen. Each child was examined by school doctors or nurses and was assigned a health card bearing childs name, date of birth, birth weight reported by parents. 10,235 men and 4,318 women, for whom childhood BMI data were available, received a diagnosis of CHD or died of CHD as adults. The risk of CHD event, a non fatal event, and a fatal event among adults was positively associated with BMI at 7-13 years of age for boys and 10 to 13 years of ag e as girls. The associations were linear for each age and risk increased across the entire BMI distribution. Childhood Obesity and Economic Growth 1930-1983 Childhood obesity was related to the economic growth during the 50 years of economic growth in the industrialized world especially in Denmark. Annual measurements of height and weight were available for all children born between 1930 and 1983 attending primary schools in Copenhagen Municipality. 165,389 boys and 163,609 girls from the age of 7 through 13 years were included in this study. After computerization SBMI (kg/m2) were calculated and the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to international age and genderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"specific criteria. Economics growth was indicated by the Gross National Product and the overall consumption per capita, adjusted for inflation. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Danish children rose in phases, which were not paralleled by trends in economic growth. The microeconomics growth indicators seem inappropriate as proxies for the environmental exposures that have elicited the obesity epidemic. Childhood obesity and television viewing Children spend a substantial portion of their lives watching television (TV). Investigators have hypothesized that TV viewing causes obesity by one or more than three mechanisms: Displacement of physical activity. Increased calorie consumption while watching or caused by the effects of advertising. Reduced resting metabolism. The relationship between TV viewing and obesity has been examined in a relatively large number of cross sectional epidemiological but few longitudinal studies. Many of them have found relatively weak, positive association or mixed results. Many experimental studies have found that reducing TV viewing may help to reduce the risk of obesity. One school based experimental study was designed specifically to test directly the casual relationship between TV viewing behaviors and body fatness. The results of this randomized controlled trial provide evidence that TV viewing is a cause of increased body fatness and that reducing the TV viewing is a promising strategy for preventing childhood obesity (Robinson; 2001). The objective of another study (Utter J et al, 2006), was to explore how time spent watching television (TV) is associated with the dietary behavior of New Zealand children and young adolescents. Total number of participants was 3275 children aged 5-17 years. The findings suggest that longer duration of TV watching (thus more frequent exposure to advertising) influences the frequency of consumption of soft drinks, some sweets and snacks and some fast foods among children and young adolescents. Efforts to control the time spent watching TV may result in better dietary habits and weight control for children and adolescents. Childhood Obesity US- A decade of progress, 1990-1999 Current data suggest that 20% of US children are overweight .An analysis of the secular trends suggest that 20% of US children are overweight, and a clear up ward trend in body weight in children of 0.2 Kg between 1973 and 1994. In addition, childhood obesity is more prevalent among minority sub groups such as African Americans. Obesity that begins early in life persists into adulthood and increases the risk of obesity related conditions later in life. There has been tremendous increase in the number of studies examining the etiology and health effects of obesity in children (Goran MI, 1990-1999).1980 (boys 0.2% girls 0.5%) and 1997 (boys 1.2%, girls 2.0%). Ten years trends of childhood obesity in Israel 1990-2000 Cross sectional data was collected from 13284 second and fifth class school; children between 1990-2000. Prevalence of obesity was determined using Israeli and US reference values. BMI values at 95th percentile increased overtime in all ages and sex categories. Between 1990 and 2000, 95th centile values were increased by 12.7%and 11.8% among second grade boys and girls respectively. Among fifth graders in 2000, 10.7% of boys and 11.1% of girls exceeded the 1990 BMI reference values. The proportion of obese children increased over time using both Israeli and US reference values (Huerta Michael et al, 2008). Netherlands. Overweight, Obesity in 2003: V.1980-97. Data on 90,071 children, aged 4-16 years were routinely collected by 11 Community Heath Services during 2002-2004. International cut -off points for BMI to determine overweight and obesity. On average, 14.5% of boys and 17.5% of the girls were overweight (including obesity), which is a substantial increase since 1980 (boys 3.9% and girls 6.9%) and 1997 (boys 9.7% and girls 13%). Similarly 2.6% of the boys and 3.3% 0f the girls aged 4-16 years were obese, which is much higher than in 1980 (boys 0.2% and girls 0.5%) and 1997 (boys 1.2% and girls 2.0%), (KatjaVan Den Husk, 2007). Obesity trends in US. 2003-2006 Height and weight measurements were obtained from 8164 children and adolescents as apart of the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Because no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of high BMI for age were found between the estimates for 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, data for four years were combined to provide more stable estimates for the most recent time period. Over all, in 2003-2006, 11.3% of children and adolescents aged 2 through years were at or above 97th percentile of the 2000 BMI- for- age growth charts, 16.3% were at or above 95th percentile. Prevalence estimates vary by age and by racial/ethnic group. Analysis of the trends in high BMI for age showed no statistically significant trend over the four time periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006) for either boys or girls (Cynthia l.Ogden et al, 2008). 11-March 2005. Public Release Date: Consensus on Childhood Obesity, Recommends classification as disease A common statement on childhood obesity was published to day in the journal of Chemical Endocrinology and Metabolism (one of the journals of Endocrine Society). The consensus statement reflects the conclusions from an international summit held in Israel last year (2004) and includes a controversial recommendation to classify obesity as a disease. This decision was based upon the available research on the diagnosis, prevalence, causes (including endocrine disorders), risks, prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. Pediatric obesity is now recognized as a major health problem all over the world. Researcher have found that children who are obese have a higher risks adult obesity, which is strongly associated with many serious medical complications that impair quality of life and lead to additional increased risks. The statement also noted the prevalence of overweight/obesity among children 6-11 years (in the US) doubled between the years 1980-2000. By classifying obesity as legiti mate disease, public funding and in user sreimbursement for obesity treatment becomes legalized (consensus on childhood obesity, 2005). Serious health risks will likely to begin to appear in obese children and adolescents as they grow older. These may include diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hyperandrogenism, heart disease, hypertension, respiratory factors, and sleep disorders. Obese children are also at greater risk of anxiety and depression. It also recommended a number of measures that can be implemented by parents; schools, health providers and government and regulatory agencies to help to prevent the onset of childhood obesity Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism Adipocytokines and Obesity The mechanism underlying obesity was further explained by the discovery of adipocytokines, the role of peripheral thyroid hormones (T4, T3), thyroid stimulating hormone and insulin the regulation of energy metabolism. The levels of some of the adipocytokines were shown to be related to visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Plasma levels of all the adipocytokines increase with the obesity except adiponectin (Yuji Matsuzawa et al, 2003). Recent studies point out to the adipose tissue as a highly active organ secreting a range of hormones, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Resistin. They are considered to take part in the regulation of energy metabolism. Leptin, Adiponectin and Resistin are produced by the adipose tissue. Leptin and Adiponectin are insulin sensitizing while Resistin increase the insulin resistance. Leptin The notion that genetic abnormalities contribute to obesity gained important support with the identification of the Ob gene and its protein product in 1994 (Zhangy et al, 1996). The Ob gene termed Leptin from the Greek Leptos, meaning thin, is produced in adipose tissue and is thought to act as an afferent satiety signal in a feed back loop that affects the appetite and satiety centre in the hypothalamus of brain. The ultimate effect of this loop is to regulate body-fat mass. In human, as noted by Considine et al, 1996; caloric restriction reduces leptin concentrations and Ob mRNA levels in adipose tissue, and refeeding increases these levels. One fundamental mechanism of obesity is insensitivity to the action of Leptin, presumably in the hypothalamus. The Leptins primary physiological function is to provide a signal to suppress body fat by decreasing food intake or increasing energy expenditure. Serum leptin concentrations change more during weight loss than during weight gain (Rose nbaum M et al, 1997). Adiponectin Adiponectin or Adipo Q, an adipocyte specific secreted protein with roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis (Insulin stimulates the secretion of adiponectin). Circulating adiponectin concentrations are high 500-30,000  µg/l (5-30mg/ml) accounting for 0.01% of total plasma proteins (Berget et al, 2002). Adiponectin was discovered in the mid 1990s by four different groups of researchers (Hu E et al, 1996). Adiponectin has various biological functions including insulin sensitizing (Hotta K et al, 2000), antiatherogenic (Yamauchi T et al, 2003), anti-inflammatory (Ouchi N et al, 2003), antiangiogenic and anti tumor functions (Brakenhielm E et al, 2004). Adiponectin acts through Adiponectin receptors, Adipo R1 and Adipo R2. Adipo R1 is mostly expressed in skeletal muscles and Adipo R2 is abundant in liver. These receptors are also expressed by the pancreatic ÃÆ'Ã… ¸ cells (Kharroubi et al, 2003), macrophages and atherosclerotic lesions (Chinetti et al, 2004) as well as in brain (Yamauchi et al, 2003). Circulating Adiponectin levels display diurnal variation with a nocturnal decline and maximum levels in the late morning (Gavrila et al, 2003). Adiponectin is also found in breast milk, which in turn is implicated in childhood obesity prevention (Savino et al, 2008). Among the various adipocytokines, adiponectin, which is an abundant circulating protein (247 amino acids) synthesized purely in adipose tissue, appears to play a very important role in carbohydrates, lipid metabolism and vascular biology. Adiponectin appears to be a major modulator of insulin action and its levels are reduced in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which could contribute to peripheral insulin resistance in this condition. It has significant insulin sensitizing as well as anti inflammatory properties that include suppression of macrophage phagocytosis and TNF-a secretion and blockage of monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro. Although further investigations are required, Adiponectin administration, as well as regulation of the pathway controlling its production, represents a promising target for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and vascular inflammation (Manju Chandran et al, 2003). Resistin Human resistin is 108 amino acids prepeptide and is cleaved before its secretion from the Adipose tissue. Resistin circulates in the blood as dimeric protein consisting of 92 amino acids polypeptides that are linked by a disulfide bridge. Holcomb et al, 2000 first described the gene family and its tissue specific distribution. Originally described as lung specific, is also produced by the adipose tissue and peripheral blood monocytes. It is also present in dividing epithelia of the intestine. Resistin increase blood glucose and insulin concentration in the mice and impairs hypoglycemic response to insulin infusion. In addition, anti resistin antibodies decrease blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in obese mice (Ukkalo O, 2002). The physiological role of resistin in human remains controversial. There more resistin protein in obese than lean individuals, with a significant positive correlation between resistin and BMI. BMI is a significant predictor of insulin resistance, but resisti n adjusted for BMI is not. These data demonstrate that resistin protein is present in human adipose tissue and blood and that there is significantly more resistin in serum of obese individuals. Serum resistin is not a significant predictor of insulin resistance in human (Youn et al, 2003, Rear R and Donnelly R, 2004). Tumor Necrosis Factor-a It will be unreasonable not to mention the Tumor Necrosis Factor a and its role in vascular inflammation related to atherosclerosis especially in obesity. It is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF is able to induce apoptotic cell death, to induce inflammation and to inhibit tumourgenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation and, in particular, over production of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases, as well as cancer (Locksley et al, 2001). The theory of antitumoural response of the immune system in vivo was recognized by the physician William B in 1968. Dr A Granger reported a cytotoxic factor produced by lymphocytes and named it Lymphotoxin (Kalli WB and Granger GA, 1968). Dr L Loyal old, in 1975 reported another cytotoxic factor produced by macrophages and named it Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (Cars well et al, 1975). Interleukin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 6 (IL-6) Chronic inflammation is linked to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance (Fernandez-Real JM and Ricart W, 2003 and Fernandez-Real JM, Ricart W, 2005). Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 18, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and of several other inflammatory markers are increased in patients with ischemic heart disease (Fernandez-Real JM and Ricart W, 2003, Ridker PM et al, 2002, Engstrom G et al, 2004, Ridker PM et al, 1997, Pradham AD et al, 2002). Circulating cytokines also are elevated in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance syndrome and play a central role in the pathogenesis of these disorders (Fernandez-Real JM and Ricart W, 2003). IL-6 is a mediator of the inflammatory response, and it is linked to dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and risk of myocardial infarction (Fernandez-Real JM and Ricart W, 2003, Ridker PM et al, 2000, Esteve E et al, 2005, Yudkin JS et al, 2000). IL-6 is secreted by a variety of different cell types, including lymphoid and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Circulating IL-6 levels correlate with obesity and insulin resistance and may predict the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Yudkin JS et al, 2000, Pradhan AD et al, 2001, Akira S et al, 1993, Mohamed-Ali V et al, 1997). Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as a causal factor in the development of atherosclerosis (Hansson GK, 2005). It is one of the earliest abnormalities that can be detected in people at risk for cardiovascular events, and it is linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (Steinberg HO and Baron AD, 2002, Natali A et al, 2006). Cytokines have an important role in the endothelial injury induced by inflammation. The vascular endothelium is involved in the inflammatory response to atherosclerosis (Hansson GK, 2005, Steinberg HO and Baron AD, 2002, Natali A et al, 2006, Widlansky ME et al, 2003), and changes in endothelium function could underlie the association between cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Obesity Related Insulin Resistance: Definition and Pathogenesis Insulin resistance is a state in which a given amount of insulin produces a subnormal biological response (Kahn CR, 1978). In particular, it is characterized by a decrease in the ability of insulin to stimulate the use of glucose by muscles and adipose tissue and to suppress hepatic glucose production and output (Matthaei et al, 2000). Furthermore, it accounts a resistance to insulin action on protein and lipid metabolism and on vascular endothelial function and genes expression (Bajaj M and Defronzo RA, 2003). Several defects in the insulin signaling cascade have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, Insulin resistance is believed to have both genetic and environmental factors implicated in its etiology (Matthaei et al, 2000 and Liu et al, 2004). The genetic component seems to be polygenic in nature, and several genes have been suggested as potential candidates (Matthaei et al, 2000). However, several other factors can influence insulin sensitivity, such as obesity, ethnicity, gender, perinatal factors, puberty, sedentary lifestyle and diet (Liu et al, 2004). The Role of Fatty Acids and Adipocytokines Obesity represents the major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance in children and adolescents (Caprio S, 2002), and insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia is believed to be an important link between obesity and the associated metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk (Weiss R and Kaufman FR, 2008). Approximately, 55% of the variance in insulin sensitivity in children can be explained by total adiposity, after adjusting for other confounders, such as age, gender, ethnicity and pubertal stage (Caprio S, 2002). Obese children have hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance with an ~40% lower insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism than non-obese children (Caprio S et al, 19996). Adipose tissue seems to play a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance through several released metabolites, hormones and adipocytokines that can affect different steps in insulin action (Matsuzawa Y, 2005) (Fig. 1). Adipocytes produce non-esterified fatty acids, which inhibit carbohydrate metabolism via substrate competition and impaired intracellular insulin signaling (Matsuzawa Y, 2005, Griffin ME et al 1999 and Randle PJ, 1998). In children, as in adults, several adipocytokines have been related to adiposity indexes as well as to insulin resistance. Adiponectin is one of the most common cytokines produced by adipose tissue, with an important insulin sensitizing effect associated with anti-atherogenetic properties (Despres JP, 2006 and Gil-Campos M et al, 2004). Whereas obesity is generally associated with an increased release of metabolites by adipose tissue, levels of Adiponectin are inversely related to adiposity (Matsuzawa Y, 2005). Therefore, reduced levels of this adipocytokine have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (Matsuzawa Y, 2005). Decreased levels of Adiponectin have been detected across tertiles of insulin resistance in children and adolescents (Weiss R et al, 2004), where it is a good predictor of insulin sensitivity, independently of adiposity (Lee S et al, 2006). Adipose tissue also produces tumour necrosis factor-a, an inflammatory factor, which can alter insulin action at different levels in the intracellular pathway (Matsuzawa Y, 2005). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is ano ther inflammatory cytokine released by adipose tissue and its levels are increased in obesity (Matsuzawa Y, 2005). IL-6 stimulates the hepatic production of C-reactive protein and this can explain the state of inflammation associated with obesity, and could mediate, at least partially, obesity-related insulin resistance (Matsuzawa Y, 2005). Data based mainly on animal studies also suggest that increased levels of resistin, another molecule produced by adipose tissue, could impair insulin sensitivity (Matsuzawa Y, 2005). The close relationship between Leptin levels and insulin resistance in children has also been suggested by the data (Chu NF et al, 2000). Serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) correlate with insulin resistance in subjects with obesity as well as in those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes mellitus, therefore suggesting that it could be useful in assessing insulin resistance and the associated risk for complications (Graham TE et al, 2006). Serum RBP4 is independently related to obesity as well as to components of the metabolic syndrome in normal weight and overweight children (Aeberli I et al, 2007). Diet composition in obese children might be an additional factor promoting and/or worsening insulin resistance. Animal and human studies suggest that a high energy intake as well as a diet rich in fat and carbohydrates and low in fiber could increase the risk of developing insulin resistance (Canete R et al, 2007). The Role of Fat Distribution An altered partitioning of fat between subcutaneous and visceral or ectopic sites has been associated with insulin resistance (Weiss R and Kaufman FR, 2008). Visceral fat has a better correlation with insulin sensitivity than subcutaneous or total body fat (Caprio S et al, 1995), in both obese adults and children. Visceral fat has higher lipolytic activity compared with subcutaneous fat, therefore a greater amount of free fatty acids and glycerol gain entry or carried out to the liver (Matthaei et al, 2000). Visceral fat in girls is directly correlated to the glucose-stimulated insulin levels and inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity and the rate of glucose uptake. No correlation was found between abdominal subcutaneous fat (Caprio S et al, 1995). Ectopic deposition of fat in the liver or muscle can also be responsible for insulin resistance in obese subjects, as the accumulation of fat in these sites impairs insulin signaling, with a reduced glucose uptake in the muscle and a decreased insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production (Weiss R and Kaufman FR, 2008). Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation has been shown as a factor related to decreased insulin sensitivity (Jacob S et al, 1999 and Thamer C et al, 2003). Obese insulin sensitive children and adolescents present lower levels of visceral fat and IMCL when compared with obese insulin resistant children (Weiss R et al, 2005). Accumulation of fat in the liver has also been associated with insulin resistance, independently of adiposity (Kelley DE et al, 2003). It has also been suggested that deposits of fat around blood vessels can produce several cytokines and therefore contribute to the development of insulin resistance, through a so-called vasocrine effect (Yudkin JS et al, 2005). Insulin Resistance and Associated Complications Insulin resistance in obesity is strictly related to the development of hypertension (Marcovecchio ML et al, 2006 and Cruz ML et al, 2002), dyslipidemia (Howard BV and Howard WJ, 1994), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (Sinha R et al, 2002), hepatic steatosis (DAdamo E et al, 2008), as well as to the combination of these factors, also known as metabolic syndrome (Eckel RH et al, 2005). Furthermore, insulin resistance is associated with systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, early atherosclerosis and disordered fibrinolysis (Dan Dona P et al, 2002). It is alarming that these metabolic and cardiovascular complications are already found in obese children and adolescents (Dietz WH, 2004). The presence of these alterations in prepubertal children is then particularly worrying, as insulin resistance and related complications might be further exacerbated by the influence of puberty, due to the physiological decrease in insulin sensitivity associated with normal pubertal development (Caprio S et al, 1989). Insulin resistance in childhood can track in adult life (Sinaiko AR et al, 2006). Insulin resistance at the age of 13 years predicts insulin resistance at age 19 years, independently of BMI, and is also associated with cardiovascular risk in adulthood (Sinaiko AR et al, 2006). The fundamental role of insulin resistance in human disease was already recognized in 1988 by Reaven (Reaven GM, 1988) who emphasized its role in the development of a grouping of metabolic abnormalities, which he defined as syndrome X. Later studies strengthened the concept of insulin resistance as a key component of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (Eckel RH et al, 2005). Insulin resistance represents a serious and common complication of obesity during childhood and adolescence. A timely diagnosis and an appropriated prevention and treatment of obesity and insulin resistance are required in order to reduce the associated risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Childhood Obesity at Present While children and adolescents in many developing countries are experiencing dramatic increase in the rates of overweight (obese), youths in the United States are the heaviest in the world. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), a series of cross-sectional examinations conducted on nationally representative samples in the US between 1971 (NHANES I) and the present day, have documented a marked increase in the prevalence of overweight among children of all race/ethnic groups. With overweight in youth defined as having a BMI95th percentile for age and sex (Himes JH and Dietz WH, 1994, Kuczmarski RJ and Flegal KM, 2000, Ogden CL et al, 1997), the prevalence among white children increased from 5% to 12%, among black children from 6% to 18% and among Mexican-American children from 8% to 21% from 1971 to 2002 (Freedman DS et al, 2006, Hedley AA et al, 2004, Ogden CL et al, 2006). The upward trend in rate of overweight does not appear to be abating as the NHANES 20 03-2004 data indicate a 1.1% increase over the 1999-2002 data in the overall rate for youth in the US (Ogden CL et al, 2006). While it is generally accepted that the highest rates among youth occur in the most industrialized countries, almost all regions of the world experience some degree of overweight, with sub-Saharan Africa being the most notable exception (Lobstein T et al, 2004). Regardless of differences in global prevalence estimates, multiple surveys have identified particular regions as being of primary concern for excess weight: the Middle East, North Africa and the Americas, including Mexico (Hedley AA et al, 2004, Ogden CL et al, 2006, Lobstein T et al, 2004, de Onis M and Blossner M, 2000, Martorell R et al, 2000, Rivera-Dommarco J et al, 1999, del RÃÆ' ­o-Navarro BE et al, 2004). Among older children in Mexico, 6-11 years of age, the prevalence of overweight was quite high at 8.8% at the national level in 1999, with regional differences ranging from 5.5% in the south to 12.7% in the north (Rivera-Dommarco J et al, 1999). Childhood Obesity 6-11 years, the Present Study, 2005-2008. Background: Childhood obesity is a global epidemic involving both developed and developing countries. It is a stare of over-nutrition with long term complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease and type-2 diabetes. Underweight is the result of under nutrition leading to reduction in growth and development of every body organ especially the Central Nervous System. Long term under-nutrition causes failure in linear growth (height) of the child. Growth is further retarded by the repeated attacks of respiratory infections, diarrhea and anemia as a result of reduced immunity. Methods: This study was carried out eight primary schools of Dera Ismail Khan (Private, semi government organizations, and welfare foundations) having mixed population with some of the wards belonging to high socioeconomic group. Thorough clinical examination excluded those suffering from chronic heath problems. Height and weight of each one was taken body mass index of determined according to Quatelets index. Body mass index number was plotted on the CDCs age and gender specific growth charts 2-20 years for BMI-for age percentile and body mass status (underweight, normal weight, overweight/at the risk of overweight and obese/overweight. Results: 1338 school going children (6-11years) were examined with 865 (67.75%) boys and 471(35.25%) as girls. 13.39%, 72.15%, 8.83% and 5.61% as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese respectively. Percentage of underweight was higher in girls (25%) than boys (13.22). Percentage of obesity was higher (5.17%) in boys than girls (1.39%). Conclusion: Awareness about balanced diet, improvement in the level of education and socioeconomic conditions, easy access to health facilities and prevention of the gender discrimination, are the remedial measures to be taken to redress the situation.